When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another,
and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a
decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should
declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident:
That
all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with
certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are
instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive
of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,
and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such
principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall
seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence,
indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be
changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience
hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are
sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which
they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations,
pursuing invaria
bly
the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute
despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such
government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such
has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the
necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of
government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a
history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct
object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To
prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He
has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should
be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation
of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the
right of representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to
them, and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together
legislative bodies at places unusual uncomfortable, and distant from
the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
He
has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others
to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;
the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of
invasions from without and convulsions within.
He has endeavored
to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose obstructing
the laws for naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to
encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new
appropriations of lands.
He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.
He
has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our
Constitution and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their
acts of pretended legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
For
protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which
they should commit on the inhabitants of these states;
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;
For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses;
For
abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province,
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its
boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies;
For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;
For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
He
is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun with
circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.
He
has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to
bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
He
has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring
on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages,
sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we
have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated
petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose
character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is
unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting
in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from
time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed
to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have conjured them, by
the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations which
would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They
too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our
separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in
war, in peace friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the
United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to
the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do,
in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies
solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of
right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are absolved
from all allegiance to the British crown and that all political
connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to
be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent states, they
have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances,
establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent
states may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a
firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually
pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
